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Yes, unidentified anomalous phenomena (UAP) are real and a threat to national security, but they're not from out of this world, NASA announced during a press briefing Thursday. Such sights can usually be explained by planes, balloons, drones, weather phenomena, and instrument features, said David Spergel, the chair of the UAP Independent Study Team. But that doesn't mean alien life doesn't exist. It just hasn't been here on Earth, as far as we know. (Credit: Getty) #Aliens #UFO #UAP #NASA

The language we learn growing up seems to leave a lasting, biological imprint on our brains. German and Arabic native speakers have different connection strengths in specific parts of the brain’s language circuit, researchers report. The new study, based on nearly 100 brain scans, is one of the first in which scientists have identified these kinds of structural wiring differences in a large group of monolingual adults. Our brains process the key aspects of our native language in a constellation of brian regions connected by white matter. This tissue routes long, cablelike nerve cells from one part of the brain to another and speeds up communication between them. Wiring brain regions together this way is part of how we learn: The more often we use a connection, the more robust it becomes. Swipe left to compare the brain scans of German speakers (left) with Arabic speakers (right). The brains of German native speakers had stronger white matter networks (lines) within the left hemisphere, while the brains of Arabic native speakers had denser networks bridging the two hemispheres. Each sphere represents a different part of the language circuit, with its size showing how central it is. (🎨, first image: mussbila/iStock/Getty Images Plus 🎨, second image: X. Wei et al/NeuroImage 2023) #science #language #brain #neuroscience #brainscience #braindevelopment #languagelearning #notanaprilfoolsjoke

A rare genetic mutation, never seen before, protected a man with an inherited form of Alzheimer’s from developing the disease for decades. He is the second person found to have such protection, following a report in 2019 of a woman with a different mutation. Both mutations may have staved off the disease for years by acting in similar ways in the brain, an insight that could lead to new treatments for all forms of Alzheimer’s, researchers report. Both the man and woman were members of a Colombian family who have a mutation in the PSEN1 gene that causes the rare inherited variety of Alzheimer’s. People with “familial” Alzheimer’s usually start showing signs in their 40s. The woman stayed sharp into her 70s, while the man described in the new study was still mentally healthy at 67. “That means they were protected, because they should have gotten the disease 30 years earlier, and they didn’t,” says neurologist Diego Sepulveda-Falla. Amyloid plaques, thought by many researchers to be deeply involved in Alzheimer’s, were abundant in both patients’ brains. But the woman had low levels of another possible culprit, clusters of proteins called tau tangles (orange clumps in this illustration). Surprisingly, the man “was severely affected by tau,” Sepulveda-Falla says. But some key regions had been spared from tau buildup. (🎨: Juan Gaertner/Science Photo Library/Getty Images Plus) #science #alzheimers #neuroscience #disease #dementia #genetic #mutation

A laser blast produces miniature diamonds from plain-old plastic — the same kind used in soda bottles. When squeezed to about a million times Earth’s atmospheric pressure and heated to thousands of degrees Celsius, polyethylene terephthalate, or PET, forms nanodiamonds, physicist Dominik Kraus and colleagues report. Each laser blast in their experiment sent a shock wave careening through the plastic, amping up the pressure and temperature within (as illustrated above; laser shown in green). Probing the material with bursts of X-rays ( red) revealed that nanodiamonds (inset) had formed. Ice giant planets, such as Neptune and Uranus, have similar temperatures, pressures and combinations of chemical elements as the materials in the study, suggesting that diamonds may rain down in those planets’ interiors (lower right). What’s more, the researchers say, the new technique could be used to manufacture nanodiamonds for use in quantum devices and other applications. Nanodiamonds are commonly produced using explosives, Kraus says, but that is not an easy process to control. The new technique could create nanodiamonds that are more easily tailored for particular uses, such as quantum devices made using diamond with defects. (🎨: HZDR/Blaurock) #science #physics #laser #diamond #nanodiamond #planetaryscience #uranus #neptune #plastic

Scientists can see chronic pain in the brain with new clarity. Over months, electrodes implanted in the brains of four people picked up specific signs of their persistent pain. Chronic pain is incredibly common, but also incredibly complex and thus difficult to treat. Stimulating the brian with electricity is one common treatment approach. In this study, implanted electrodes (red dots in the images above) in the orbitofrontal cortex (shown in yellow) and anterior cingulate cortex (shown in blue) monitored brain signals of people with chronic pain. Using sophisticated machine learning approaches, researchers then linked each person’s pain ratings to their brain activity patterns, ultimately landing on a signature of each person’s chronic pain. In many ways, the patterns were unique to each person, but there was overlap: Brain activity in the OFC, an area at the front of the brain just behind the eyes, tracked with people’s chronic pain levels. Brain activity in the OFC could represent a solid biomarker of chronic pain, a signal that could both help doctors track treatment responses and serve as new targets for treatment, says neuroscientist Chelsea Kaplan. (📸: P. Shirvalkar) #science #neuroscience #chronicpain #medicine #electrode #brain #brainimplant

Like people, leaves have their limits when it comes to heat. Back in 1864, scientists first reported that the leaves of some plants could survive up to 50° Celsius, only to perish beyond that threshold. When leaves get too hot, their photosynthetic machinery — proteins that convert light energy into sugars — breaks down. More than 150 years later in 2021, a study of 147 tropical plant species reported that the average temperature beyond which photosynthesis failed was 46.7° C. Researchers wanted to figure out how leaves in tropical forests are faring as the globe warms. Using data from a thermal sensor aboard the International Space Station, the scientists captured vegetation temperatures on Earth’s surface in 70-square-meter pixels. That’s about the area that two large tropical trees could fill. The team compared the data with measurements from devices on the planet’s surface to refine their view. The analysis revealed a mosaic of temperatures in forest canopies, including some especially hot leaves. In the upper canopy, roughly 1 in every 10,000 leaves experiences temperatures at least once annually that may be too high for photosynthesis. That might seem a paltry sum, but a photosynthetic breakdown could harm entire forests if climate change is not halted, the scientists warn. (📸: Buena Vista Images/Photodisc/Getty Images Plus) #climate #forests #tropics #trees #globalwarming #science

Have you been ignoring your houseplants? They may be filling your house with deafening clicks, but these are too high for you to hear, scientists have found. A new study published on Thursday found that plants can emit high-pitched clicks when they are stressed by droughts, infections, or cuts. It’s possible that insects and other animals can hear and interpret these sounds. (Credit: iStock / Getty Images Plus) #Plants #Houseplants #Science

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